2008 Legislation
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HOUSE BILL NO. 606<br /> – REAL ID Act, not implemented

HOUSE BILL NO. 606

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Bill Status



H0606aaS...................................................by STATE AFFAIRS
FEDERAL REAL ID ACT OF 2005 - Adds to existing law relating to the
implementation of the Federal REAL ID Act of 2005 to state findings of the
Legislature; to direct the Idaho Transportation Board and the Idaho
Transportation Department not to implement the provisions of the REAL ID
Act of 2005; and to provide for security of driver's licenses and
identification cards.

03/07    House intro - 1st rdg - to printing
03/10    Rpt prt - to Transp
03/11    Rpt out - rec d/p - to 2nd rdg
03/12    2nd rdg - to 3rd rdg
03/13    3rd rdg - PASSED - 67-0-3
      AYES -- Anderson, Andrus, Barrett, Bayer, Bedke, Bell, Block, Bock,
      Boe, Bolz, Bowers, Brackett, Bradford, Chadderdon, Chavez, Chew,
      Clark, Collins, Crane, Durst, Eskridge, Hagedorn, Hart, Harwood,
      Henbest, Henderson, Jaquet, Killen, King, Kren, Labrador, Lake,
      LeFavour, Loertscher, Luker, Marriott, Mathews, McGeachin, Mortimer,
      Nielsen, Nonini, Pasley-Stuart, Patrick, Pence, Raybould, Ringo,
      Roberts, Ruchti, Rusche, Sayler, Schaefer, Shepherd(02),
      Shepherd(08), Shirley, Shively, Smith(30), Smith(24), Snodgrass,
      Stevenson, Thayn, Thomas, Trail, Vander Woude, Wills, Wood(27),
      Wood(35), Mr. Speaker
      NAYS -- None
      Absent and excused -- Bilbao, Black, Moyle
    Floor Sponsor - Hart
    Title apvd - to Senate
03/13    Senate intro - 1st rdg - to St Aff
03/24    Rpt out - to 14th Ord
03/26    Rpt out amen - to 1st rdg as amen
03/27    1st rdg - to 2nd rdg as amen
03/28    2nd rdg - to 3rd rdg as amen
03/31    3rd rdg as amen - PASSED - 32-0-3
      AYES -- Andreason, Bair, Bastian, Bilyeu, Broadsword, Burkett,
      Cameron, Coiner, Corder, Darrington, Davis, Fulcher, Gannon(Gannon),
      Geddes, Goedde, Hammond, Heinrich, Hill, Jorgenson, Kelly, Keough,
      Little, Lodge, Malepeai(Sagness), McGee, McKague, Richardson,
      Schroeder, Siddoway, Stegner, Stennett, Werk
      NAYS -- None
      Absent and excused -- Langhorst, McKenzie, Pearce
    Floor Sponsor - Jorgenson
    Title apvd - to House
04/01    House concurred in Senate amens - to engros
    Rpt engros - 1st rdg - to 2nd rdg as amen
    Rls susp - PASSED - 65-0-5
      AYES -- Andrus, Barrett, Bayer, Bedke, Bell, Bilbao, Block, Bock,
      Boe, Bolz, Bowers, Brackett, Bradford, Chavez, Chew, Clark, Collins,
      Crane, Durst, Eskridge, Hagedorn, Hart, Harwood, Henderson, Jaquet,
      Killen, King, Kren, Labrador, LeFavour, Loertscher, Luker, Marriott,
      Mathews, McGeachin, Mortimer, Moyle, Nielsen, Nonini, Pasley-Stuart,
      Patrick, Pence, Raybould, Ringo, Roberts, Ruchti, Rusche, Sayler,
      Schaefer, Shepherd(02), Shepherd(08), Shirley, Shively, Smith(30),
      Smith(24), Snodgrass, Stevenson, Thayn, Thomas, Trail, Vander Woude,
      Wills, Wood(27), Wood(35), Mr. Speaker
      NAYS -- None
      Absent and excused -- Anderson, Black, Chadderdon, Henbest, Lake
    Floor Sponsor - Hart
    Title apvd - to enrol - Rpt enrol - Sp signed
04/02    Pres signed - To Governor
04/09    Governor signed
         Session Law Chapter 385
         Effective: 07/01/08 Sections 1 & 2 with
         contingencies involving US Homeland Security,
         revision of administrative regulation
         CFR Part 37, Governor's review & issuance
         of Governor's Executive Order

Bill Text




                                                                       
  ]]]]              LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO             ]]]]
 Fifty-ninth Legislature                   Second Regular Session - 2008

                                                                       

                              IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                                     HOUSE BILL NO. 606

                                 BY STATE AFFAIRS COMMITTEE

  1                                        AN ACT
  2    RELATING TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL REAL ID ACT OF 2005;  STATING  FIND-
  3        INGS  OF THE LEGISLATURE; AND AMENDING CHAPTER 3, TITLE 40, IDAHO CODE, BY
  4        THE ADDITION OF A NEW SECTION 40-322, IDAHO CODE, TO STATE FINDINGS OF THE
  5        LEGISLATURE, TO DIRECT THE IDAHO TRANSPORTATION BOARD AND THE IDAHO TRANS-
  6        PORTATION DEPARTMENT NOT TO IMPLEMENT THE PROVISIONS OF THE REAL ID ACT OF
  7        2005 AND TO REQUIRE REPORTING  TO  THE  GOVERNOR  AND  THE  CONSTITUTIONAL
  8        DEFENSE  COUNCIL  OF ATTEMPTS BY FEDERAL AGENCIES TO SECURE IMPLEMENTATION
  9        OF THE FEDERAL ACT.

 10    Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Idaho:

 11        SECTION 1.  The Second Regular Session of the Fifty-ninth  Idaho  Legisla-
 12    ture hereby finds that:
 13        (1)  In  May of 2005, the U.S. Congress enacted the REAL ID Act of 2005 as
 14    part of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the  Global
 15    War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief Act (Public Law 109-13), which was signed by
 16    President  George  W.  Bush on May 11, 2005, and which becomes fully effective
 17    May 11, 2008; and
 18        (2)  Some of the provisions of the REAL ID Act require states to:
 19        (a)  Issue a driver's license or state identification card  in  a  uniform
 20        format,  containing  uniform information, all as prescribed by the Depart-
 21        ment of Homeland Security;
 22        (b)  Verify the issuance, validity and completeness of all  primary  docu-
 23        ments  used  to  issue  a driver's license, such as those showing that the
 24        bearer is a U.S. citizen or a lawful alien, a lawful refugee, or a  person
 25        holding a valid visa;
 26        (c)  Provide  for secure storage of all primary documents that are used to
 27        issue a federally approved driver's license or state identification card;
 28        (d)  Provide fraudulent  document  recognition  training  to  all  persons
 29        engaged in issuing driver's licenses or state identification cards; and
 30        (e)  Issue a driver's license or state identification card in a prescribed
 31        format if it is a license or card that does not meet the criteria provided
 32        for a federally approved license or identification card; and
 33        (3)  Use  of the federal minimum standards for state driver's licenses and
 34    state-issued identification cards will be necessary for any type of  federally
 35    regulated activity for which an identification card must be displayed, includ-
 36    ing  flying  in  a  commercial  airplane, making transactions with a federally
 37    licensed bank, entering a federal building, or making application  for  feder-
 38    ally supported public assistance benefits, including social security; and
 39        (4)  Some of the intended privacy requirements of the REAL ID Act, such as
 40    the use of common machine-readable technology and state maintenance of a data-
 41    base  that  can be shared with the United States and agencies of other states,
 42    may actually make it more likely that a federally required driver's license or
 43    state identification card, or the information about the bearer  on  which  the
 44    license  or card is based, will be stolen, sold or otherwise used for purposes

                                       2

  1    that were never intended or that are criminally related, than if the  REAL  ID
  2    Act had not been enacted; and
  3        (5)  These  potential  breaches in privacy that could result directly from
  4    compliance with the REAL ID Act may violate the right to privacy of  thousands
  5    of residents of Idaho; and
  6        (6)  The  U.S.  Department  of Homeland Security has estimated the cost to
  7    implement the REAL ID Act to be $3.9 billion to the states and $5.8 billion to
  8    individuals, of which the U.S. Congress has pledged  only  $81.3  million,  or
  9    less than 1% of the total cost; and
 10        (7)  For  all  these reasons, seventeen states passed legislation opposing
 11    the REAL ID Act in 2007, including Idaho, which passed  House  Joint  Memorial
 12    No. 3 declaring refusal to participate in the REAL ID program; and
 13        (8)  The  regulations  that  have  been  adopted by the U.S. Department of
 14    Homeland Security to implement the requirements of the REAL ID Act were issued
 15    in January of 2008, and pushed compliance with the REAL ID  Act  to  2014  for
 16    individuals  born  after  1964,  and to 2017 for individuals born before 1964,
 17    undercutting any security rationale that might have existed for  the  original
 18    act; and
 19        (9)  The  final regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of Homeland
 20    Security fail to address the well known privacy problems with the REAL ID  Act
 21    and  in  some cases, such as the issue of whether the machine-readable zone as
 22    encrypted may have exacerbated the problem; and
 23        (10) The federal government has been ineffective in stopping illegal immi-
 24    gration, resulting in millions of persons who are present in the United States
 25    of America without authorization; and
 26        (11) Securing our borders will greatly reduce the number  of  persons  who
 27    enter  our country without authorization and will do far more to provide secu-
 28    rity to our society than will increasing scrutiny on law-abiding American cit-
 29    izens by way of the REAL ID program; and
 30        (12) The mandate to the states, through federal legislation that  provides
 31    no funding for its requirements, to issue what is, in effect, a national iden-
 32    tification  card,  appears  to  be  an  attempt  to "commandeer" the political
 33    machinery of the states and to require them to be agents of the  federal  gov-
 34    ernment  in  violation  of  the principles of federalism contained in the 10th
 35    Amendment to the Constitution of the United States as construed by the  United
 36    States  Supreme  Court  in  New  York  v. United States, 488 U.S. 1041 (1992),
 37    United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), and Printz v. United States,  521
 38    U. S. 898 (1997); and
 39        (13) It is within Idaho's rights to protest the commandeering of its posi-
 40    tion in the Union by acts of Congress and the President of the United States.

 41        SECTION  2.  That  Chapter  3,  Title  40, Idaho Code, be, and the same is
 42    hereby amended by the addition thereto of a NEW SECTION, to be known and  des-
 43    ignated as Section 40-322, Idaho Code, and to read as follows:

 44        40-322.  DIRECTIVE  ON  IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL REAL ID ACT OF 2005.
 45    (1) The legislature finds that the enactment into law by the U.S. congress  of
 46    the  REAL  ID  act  of  2005, as part of public law 109-13, is inimical to the
 47    security and well-being of the people of Idaho, will  cause  unneeded  expense
 48    and  inconvenience  to  those  people  and was adopted by the U.S. congress in
 49    violation of the principles of federalism contained in the 10th  amendment  to
 50    the constitution of the United States.
 51        (2)  The  legislature  hereby  declares  that the state of Idaho shall not
 52    participate in the implementation of the REAL ID act of 2005. The Idaho trans-
 53    portation board and the Idaho transportation department, including  the  motor

                                       3

  1    vehicles  division  of the Idaho transportation department are directed not to
  2    implement the provisions of the REAL ID act of 2005, and to report to the gov-
  3    ernor and to the constitutional defense council created in chapter  63,  title
  4    67,  Idaho  Code,  any attempt by agencies or agents of the U.S. department of
  5    homeland security to secure implementation of the REAL ID act of 2005, through
  6    the operations of that department.

Amendment




                                                                       
  ]]]]              LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO             ]]]]
 Fifty-ninth Legislature                   Second Regular Session - 2008

                                                                       

                                                     Moved by    Jorgenson

                                                     Seconded by Kelly


                                       IN THE SENATE
                             SENATE AMENDMENTS TO H.B. NO. 606



  1                               AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 1
  2        On page 2 of the printed bill, in line 38, delete "; and" and delete lines
  3    39 and 40 and insert: ".".

  4                               AMENDMENTS TO SECTION 2
  5        On page 3, in line 2, delete ", and to report  to  the  gov-"  and  delete
  6    lines 3 through 6 and insert: "."; and following line 6, insert:
  7        "(3)  Nothing in this act shall prevent the Idaho transportation board and
  8    the  Idaho  transportation  department from taking reasonable steps to enhance
  9    the security of Idaho state driver's licenses and identification cards.".

 10                                AMENDMENT TO THE BILL
 11        On page 3, following line 6, insert:
 12        "SECTION 3. Sections 1 and 2 of this act shall be in full force and effect
 13    on and after July 1, 2008. Provided however, that if the United States Depart-
 14    ment of Homeland Security revises its final administrative regulation,  6  CFR
 15    Part  37, relating to the REAL ID, and the Governor of the State of Idaho sub-
 16    sequently determines that such revised final regulation is acceptable  to  the
 17    State of Idaho, by Executive Order the Governor may initiate implementation of
 18    REAL  ID  during  the  2008 interim, notwithstanding the provisions of Section
 19    40-322, Idaho Code. However, continued implementation of REAL ID shall be sub-
 20    ject to the approval by the members  of  the  First  Regular  Session  of  the
 21    Sixtieth  Idaho  Legislature.  Such legislative approval shall be evidenced by
 22    the repeal of Section 40-322, Idaho Code.".

 23                                 CORRECTIONS TO TITLE
 24        On page 1, in line 7, delete "AND TO REQUIRE REPORTING TO THE GOVERNOR AND
 25    THE CONSTITUTIONAL"; delete lines 8 and 9 and  insert:  "AND  TO  PROVIDE  FOR
 26    SECURITY  OF  DRIVER'S  LICENSES  AND  IDENTIFICATION  CARDS; AND PROVIDING AN
 27    EFFECTIVE DATE WITH A CONTINGENCY.".

Engrossed Bill (Original Bill with Amendment(s) Incorporated)




                                                                       
  ]]]]              LEGISLATURE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO             ]]]]
 Fifty-ninth Legislature                   Second Regular Session - 2008

                                                                       

                              IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES

                        HOUSE BILL NO. 606, As Amended in the Senate

                                 BY STATE AFFAIRS COMMITTEE

  1                                        AN ACT
  2    RELATING TO IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL REAL ID ACT OF 2005;  STATING  FIND-
  3        INGS  OF THE LEGISLATURE; AND AMENDING CHAPTER 3, TITLE 40, IDAHO CODE, BY
  4        THE ADDITION OF A NEW SECTION 40-322, IDAHO CODE, TO STATE FINDINGS OF THE
  5        LEGISLATURE, TO DIRECT THE IDAHO TRANSPORTATION BOARD AND THE IDAHO TRANS-
  6        PORTATION DEPARTMENT NOT TO IMPLEMENT THE PROVISIONS OF THE REAL ID ACT OF
  7        2005 AND TO PROVIDE FOR SECURITY OF DRIVER'S LICENSES  AND  IDENTIFICATION
  8        CARDS; AND PROVIDING AN EFFECTIVE DATE WITH A CONTINGENCY.

  9    Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Idaho:

 10        SECTION  1.  The  Second Regular Session of the Fifty-ninth Idaho Legisla-
 11    ture hereby finds that:
 12        (1)  In May of 2005, the U.S. Congress enacted the REAL ID Act of 2005  as
 13    part  of the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global
 14    War on Terror, and Tsunami Relief Act (Public Law 109-13), which was signed by
 15    President George W. Bush on May 11, 2005, and which  becomes  fully  effective
 16    May 11, 2008; and
 17        (2)  Some of the provisions of the REAL ID Act require states to:
 18        (a)  Issue  a  driver's  license or state identification card in a uniform
 19        format, containing uniform information, all as prescribed by  the  Depart-
 20        ment of Homeland Security;
 21        (b)  Verify  the  issuance, validity and completeness of all primary docu-
 22        ments used to issue a driver's license, such as  those  showing  that  the
 23        bearer  is a U.S. citizen or a lawful alien, a lawful refugee, or a person
 24        holding a valid visa;
 25        (c)  Provide for secure storage of all primary documents that are used  to
 26        issue a federally approved driver's license or state identification card;
 27        (d)  Provide  fraudulent  document  recognition  training  to  all persons
 28        engaged in issuing driver's licenses or state identification cards; and
 29        (e)  Issue a driver's license or state identification card in a prescribed
 30        format if it is a license or card that does not meet the criteria provided
 31        for a federally approved license or identification card; and
 32        (3)  Use of the federal minimum standards for state driver's licenses  and
 33    state-issued  identification cards will be necessary for any type of federally
 34    regulated activity for which an identification card must be displayed, includ-
 35    ing flying in a commercial airplane,  making  transactions  with  a  federally
 36    licensed  bank,  entering a federal building, or making application for feder-
 37    ally supported public assistance benefits, including social security; and
 38        (4)  Some of the intended privacy requirements of the REAL ID Act, such as
 39    the use of common machine-readable technology and state maintenance of a data-
 40    base that can be shared with the United States and agencies of  other  states,
 41    may actually make it more likely that a federally required driver's license or
 42    state  identification  card,  or the information about the bearer on which the
 43    license or card is based, will be stolen, sold or otherwise used for  purposes
 44    that  were  never intended or that are criminally related, than if the REAL ID

                                       2

  1    Act had not been enacted; and
  2        (5)  These potential breaches in privacy that could result  directly  from
  3    compliance  with the REAL ID Act may violate the right to privacy of thousands
  4    of residents of Idaho; and
  5        (6)  The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has estimated  the  cost  to
  6    implement the REAL ID Act to be $3.9 billion to the states and $5.8 billion to
  7    individuals,  of  which  the  U.S. Congress has pledged only $81.3 million, or
  8    less than 1% of the total cost; and
  9        (7)  For all these reasons, seventeen states passed  legislation  opposing
 10    the  REAL  ID  Act in 2007, including Idaho, which passed House Joint Memorial
 11    No. 3 declaring refusal to participate in the REAL ID program; and
 12        (8)  The regulations that have been adopted  by  the  U.S.  Department  of
 13    Homeland Security to implement the requirements of the REAL ID Act were issued
 14    in  January  of  2008,  and pushed compliance with the REAL ID Act to 2014 for
 15    individuals born after 1964, and to 2017 for  individuals  born  before  1964,
 16    undercutting  any  security rationale that might have existed for the original
 17    act; and
 18        (9)  The final regulations promulgated by the U.S. Department of  Homeland
 19    Security  fail to address the well known privacy problems with the REAL ID Act
 20    and in some cases, such as the issue of whether the machine-readable  zone  as
 21    encrypted may have exacerbated the problem; and
 22        (10) The federal government has been ineffective in stopping illegal immi-
 23    gration, resulting in millions of persons who are present in the United States
 24    of America without authorization; and
 25        (11) Securing  our  borders  will greatly reduce the number of persons who
 26    enter our country without authorization and will do far more to provide  secu-
 27    rity to our society than will increasing scrutiny on law-abiding American cit-
 28    izens by way of the REAL ID program; and
 29        (12) The  mandate to the states, through federal legislation that provides
 30    no funding for its requirements, to issue what is, in effect, a national iden-
 31    tification card, appears to  be  an  attempt  to  "commandeer"  the  political
 32    machinery  of  the states and to require them to be agents of the federal gov-
 33    ernment in violation of the principles of federalism  contained  in  the  10th
 34    Amendment  to the Constitution of the United States as construed by the United
 35    States Supreme Court in New York v.  United  States,  488  U.S.  1041  (1992),
 36    United  States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549 (1995), and Printz v. United States, 521
 37    U. S. 898 (1997).

 38        SECTION 2.  That Chapter 3, Title 40, Idaho Code,  be,  and  the  same  is
 39    hereby  amended by the addition thereto of a NEW SECTION, to be known and des-
 40    ignated as Section 40-322, Idaho Code, and to read as follows:

 41        40-322.  DIRECTIVE ON IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FEDERAL REAL ID ACT  OF  2005.
 42    (1)  The legislature finds that the enactment into law by the U.S. congress of
 43    the REAL ID act of 2005, as part of public law  109-13,  is  inimical  to  the
 44    security  and  well-being  of the people of Idaho, will cause unneeded expense
 45    and inconvenience to those people and was adopted  by  the  U.S.  congress  in
 46    violation  of  the principles of federalism contained in the 10th amendment to
 47    the constitution of the United States.
 48        (2)  The legislature hereby declares that the state  of  Idaho  shall  not
 49    participate in the implementation of the REAL ID act of 2005. The Idaho trans-
 50    portation  board  and the Idaho transportation department, including the motor
 51    vehicles division of the Idaho transportation department are directed  not  to
 52    implement the provisions of the REAL ID act of 2005.
 53        (3)  Nothing  in this act shall prevent the Idaho transportation board and

                                       3

  1    the Idaho transportation department from taking reasonable  steps  to  enhance
  2    the security of Idaho state driver's licenses and identification cards.

  3        SECTION 3.  Sections 1 and 2 of this act shall be in full force and effect
  4    on and after July 1, 2008. Provided however, that if the United States Depart-
  5    ment  of  Homeland Security revises its final administrative regulation, 6 CFR
  6    Part 37, relating to the REAL ID, and the Governor of the State of Idaho  sub-
  7    sequently  determines  that such revised final regulation is acceptable to the
  8    State of Idaho, by Executive Order the Governor may initiate implementation of
  9    REAL ID during the 2008 interim, notwithstanding  the  provisions  of  Section
 10    40-322, Idaho Code. However, continued implementation of REAL ID shall be sub-
 11    ject  to  the  approval  by  the  members  of the First Regular Session of the
 12    Sixtieth Idaho Legislature. Such legislative approval shall  be  evidenced  by
 13    the repeal of Section 40-322, Idaho Code.

Statement of Purpose / Fiscal Impact


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                      STATEMENT OF PURPOSE

                            RS 18033

The Real ID Act of 2005 is an unfunded mandate imposed by Congress on the states. 
It is estimated that the cost of compliance is approximately $10 billion dollars,
yet Congress has only appropriated less than 1% of this amount to help the states
with Real ID. 

This bill would prohibit the Idaho Transportation Department from implementing
the provisions of the federal Real ID Act of 2005, while at the same time giving
the Governor the flexibility to initiate implementation of Real ID should the
U.S. Department of Homeland Security modify their final rule such that it is
acceptable to the Governor. Additionally, the bill allows the Transportation
Department to make improvements to our drivers licenses as that department sees
fit to do so. 

The legislation finds that the Real ID Act was passed without proper debate in
the US Congress, that the Act is an attempt to commandeer the political machinery
of the States and to require them to be agents of the federal government.  This
is in violation of the principles of federalism contained in the Tenth Amendment
to the Constitution.   

Real ID creates a huge database of linked state databases and will put the
personal information of Idahoans at risk to identity theft.  In 2007, 17 states
passed legislation against the Real ID Act, with seven of those states passing
statutory bans against implementing the Act.  Last year Idaho passed HJM 3,
resolving not to comply with Real ID.  This bill would codify that resolution.

On January 10 of this year, the Department of Homeland Security issued final
regulations for implementation of the Real ID Act.  This final rule failed to fix
the majority of problems and brushed aside many of the states' legitimate
concerns.

In its regulations, the Department of Homeland Security offered states an
extension of the May 2008 statutory deadline until December 2009.  Idaho applied
for, and received, that extension in order to assess whether the state should
comply with the law.  Because of the federal government's repeated failure to fix
or fund the Real ID Act, it is time for Idaho to send a clear message to
Washington that the Real ID Act will not be implemented in its current form in
Idaho.  
                                                                      
                          FISCAL NOTE
                                
If Idaho were to comply with the Real ID Act of 2005 the startup costs will be
in the range of $20 million with ongoing costs of about $5.0 million per year.


  
CONTACT:

Name:   Rep. Phil Hart, Rep. Lenore Barrett, Rep. JoAn Wood, Rep. Dean
        Mortimer, Rep. Pete Neilson, Rep. Dick Harwood, Rep. Liz
        Chavez, 
        Sen. Mike Jorgenson, Sen. Shirley McKague, Sen. Monte Pearce
Phone:  (208) 332-1000

     
STATEMENT OF PURPOSE/FISCAL NOTE                                 H 606aaS   



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